Invited review. Natural rubber nanocomposites.
Author affiliations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15625/2525-2321.2017-00526Keywords:
Natural rubber, nanocellulose, nanosilica, nanoclay, nanocompositeAbstract
Natural rubber (NR) is a valuable and important polymer material that has wide and various applications. Therefore the investigations for NR improvement, particularly for special applications are in continuous development. In this trend, preparation of NR nanocomposites using nanofillers of both organic and inorganic origination is one of leading directions. In this paper, NR nanocomposites with the most popular and promising nanofillers were reviewed. These nanofillers are nanosilica and layered silicate as the most important fillers for NR industry after carbon black, and nanocellulose as a new abundant and environmental friendly filler. Methods of NR nanocomposites preparation were briefly summarized. The main attention was paid to the establishment of nanostructures in NR composites. Based on limited (about 80) references, mostly in recent 15 years, the improvement of NR nanocomposite properties was analyzed in connection with their nanostructure.
Keywords. Natural rubber, nanocellulose, nanosilica, nanoclay, nanocomposite.
Downloads
References
Report on Natural Rubber in Vietnam, VP Bank Security (1/2014), www.VPBS.com.vn
Rubber Statistical Bulletin, 1/7/2016.
William Gacitua E., Aldo Ballerini A., Jinwen Zhang. Polymer nanocomposites: Synthetic and natural fillers – A review, Mandera Ciencia y tecnologia, 7(3), 159-178 (2005).
Fischer H. Polymer nanocomposites: from
fundamental research to specific applications, Mater. Sci. and Eng., C.23, 763-772 (2003).
M. Alexandre, P. Dubois. Polymer layered Silicate nanocomposites: Preparation, properties and use of a new class of materials, Mater. Sci. and Eng., 28, 1-63 (2000).
J. Karger-Kocsis, C. M. Wu. Thermoset rubber/layered silicate nanocomposites. Status and future trends, Polym. Eng. and Sci., 44(6), 1083-1093 (2004).
Abraham E., Deepa B., Jacob M., Pothen L. A. et al. Physico-mechanical properties of green nanocomposites based on cellulose nanofiber and natural rubber latex, Cellulose, 20, 417-427 (2013).
Ji-Fang Fu, Li-Ya Chen, Hui Yang, Qing-Dong Zhong et al. Mechanical properties, chemical and ageing resistance of natural rubber filled with nano Al2O3, Polymer Composites, 3(3), 404-411 (2012).
H. Ismail, A. F. Ramly, N. Othman. The effect of carbon black/multiwall carbon nanotube hybrid fillers on the properties of natural rubber nanocomposites, Polymer-Plastic Technol. and Eng., 50, 660-666 (2011).
Yoshimasa Urushihara, Lei Li, Junji Matsui, Takashi Nishino. In-situ observation of displacement during tensile deformation of nanosilica-filled natural rubber using field-emission scanning electron microscope, Composites: Part A, 40, 232-234 (2009).
J. Carretero-González, J. L. Valentín, M. Arroyo, K. Saalwächter, M. A. Lopez-Manchado. Natural rubber/clay nanocomposites: Influence of poly(ethylene glycol) on the silicate dispersion and local chain order of rubber network, Euro. Polym. J. (?), 44, 3493-3500 (2008).
Saaed Taghvaei-Ganjali, Mercedeh Malekzadeh, Mona Farahani, Ali Abbasian, Morteza Khosravi. Effect of surface-modified zinc oxide as cure activator on the properties of a rubber compound based on NR/SBR, J. of Appl. Polym. Sci., 122, 249-256 (2011).
S. Varghese, J. Karger-Kocsis, K. G. Gatos. Melt compounded epoxydized natural rubber/layered silicate nanocomposites: Structure-properties relationship, Polymer, 44(14) 3977-3983 (2003).
L. Brinchi, F. Contana, E. Fortunati, J. M. Kenny. Production of nanocrystalline cellulose from lignocelluloses biomass: Technology and application, Carbohydrate Polymers, 94, 154-169 (2013).
Istvan Siro, David Plackett. Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materials – A review, Cellulose, 17, 459-494 (2010).
Gilberto Siqueira, Julien Bras, Alain Dufresne. Cellulosic bionanocomposites: A review of preparation, properties and application, Polymer, 2, 728-765 (2010).
Azizi Samir M.A.S, Alloin F., Dufresne A. Review
on recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field, Biomacromolecules, 6, 612-626 (2005).
Favier V., Chanzy H., Cavaille J. Y. Polymer nanocomposites reinforced by cellulosic nanowhiskers, Macromolecules, 28, 6365-6367 (1995).
Favier V., Canova G. R., Cavaille J. Y., Chanzy H., Dufresne A., Gauthier C. Nanocomposite materials from latex and cellulose whiskers, Polym. Adv. Technol., 6, 351-355 (1995).
Eldho Abraham, Merin S. Thomas, Cijo John, L.A. Pothen, O. Shoseyov, S. Thomas. Green nanocomposites of natural rubber/nanocellulose: membrane transport, rheological and thermal degradation characterizations, Industrial Crops and Products, 51, 415-424 (2013).
Abdelkader Bendahou, Hamid Kaddami, Alain Dufresne. Investigation on effect of cellulosic nanoparticles morphology on the properties of natural rubber based nanocomposites, Euro. Polym. J., 46, 609-620 (2010).
Maya Jacob John, Sabu Thomas, Chapter 8 – Cellulosic fibrill-rubber nanocomposites, In the book Rubber Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Application, Ed. by Sabu Thomas and Ranimol Stephen (2010) John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd.
Bendahou A., Habibi Y., Kaddami H., Dufresne A. Physico-chemical characterization of palm from Foenix-Dactylifera-L, preparation of cellulose whiskers and natural rubber-based nanocomposites, Biobased Mater. Bioenergy, 3, 81-90 (2009).
P. M. Visakh, Sabu Thomas, Kristiina Oksman, Aji P. Mathew. Crosslinked natural rubber nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose whiskers isolated from bamboo waste: processing and mechanical/thermal properties, Composites: Part A, 43, 735-741 (2012).
Marcos Mariano, Nadia El Kissi, Alain Dufresne. Cellulose nanocrystall reinforced oxidized natural rubber nanocomposites, Carbohydrate Polymer, 137, 174-183 (2016).
P. Ortiz-Serna, M. Carsí, B. Redondo-Foj, M. J. Sanchis. Electrical conductivity of natural rubber-cellulose II nanocomposites, J. (?) of Non-crystalline Solid, 405, 180-187 (2014).
A.Ladhar, M. Arous, H. Kaddami, M. Raihane, A. Kallel, M. P. F. Graça, L. C. Costa. Ionic hopping conductivity in potential battaries separator based on natural rubber-nanocellulose green nanocomposites, J. Molecular Liquids, 211, 792-802 (2015).
X. Wu, C. Lu, Y. Han, Z. Zhou, G. Yuan. Cellulose nanowhisker modulated 3D hierarchical conductive structure of Carbon black/natural rubber nanocomposite for liquid and strain sensing application, Composites Sci. and Technol., 124, 44-51 (2016).
X. Wu, C. Lu, X. Zhang, Z. Zhou. Conductive NR/carbon black nanocomposite via nanowhisker templated assembly: tailored hierarchical structure leading to synergistic properties enhancement, J. Mater. Chem., 3, 13317-13323 (2015).
A. Dufresne, Chapter 5 - Natural rubber green nanocomposites, In the book Rubber nanocomposites - Preparation, properties and application, Ed. by Sabu Thomas and Ranimol Stephen (2010) John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd.
Gopalan Nair K., Dufresne A. Crab shell chitin whisker reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites: 1. Processing and swelling behavior, Biomacromolecules, 4, 657-665 (2003).
Gopalan Nair K., Dufresne A. Crab shell chitin whisker reinforced natural rubber nanocomposites: 2. Mechanical behavior, Biomacromolecules, 4, 666 (2003).
Seiichi Kawahara, Tetsuji Kawazura, Takumi Sawada, Yoshinobu Isono. Preparation and characterization of natural rubber dispersed in nanomatrix, Polymer, 44, 4527-4531 (2003).
Seiichi Kawahara, Oraphin Chaikumpollert, Keiichi Akabori, Yoshima Yamamoto. Morphology and properties of natural rubber with nanomatrix of non-rubber components, Polym. Adv. Technol., 22, 2665-2667 (2011).
Kenichiro Kosugi, Keiichi Akabori, Yoshima Yamamoto, Seiichi Kawahara. Mechanical properties and morphology of natural rubber dispersed in nanomatrix of polystyrene, Proceedings of Asian Workshop on Polymer Processing (AWPP), Hanoi (2010) 168-171.
Ratchaniwan Sutthangkul, Yoshimasa Yomamoto, Jitlanda Sakdapipanich, Seiichi Kawahara. Preparation and characterization of soft nanomatrix structure by graft polymerization of butylacrylate onto natural rubber, Proceedings of AWPP, Hanoi (2010) 62-65.
Jessada Wongon, Supaphorn Thumsorn, Deerek Lerdtitantitayakul. Mechanical performance and crystallization behavior of nanoscale rubber toughened polypropylene composites, Proceedings of AWPP, Hanoi (2010) 160-163.
Chun-Mei Deng. Mei Chen, Ning-Jian Ao, Dan Yan, Zhong-Qian Zheng. CaCO3/natural rubber latex nanometer composites and its properties, J.(?) of Appl. Polym. Sci., 101, 3442-3447 (2006).
Ji-Fang Fu, Li-Ya Chen, Hui Yang, Qing-Dong Zhong, Li-Yi Shi, Wei Deng. Mechanical properties, Chemical and ageing resistance of natural rubber filled with nano- Al2O3 , Polymer Composites (2012) 404-411; DOI 10.1002/pc22162.
Saeed Taghvaei-Ganjali, Mercedeh Malekzadeh, Mona Farahani, Ali Abbasian, Morteza Khosravi. Effect of surface-modified Zinc oxide as cure activator on properties of rubber compound based on NR/SBR, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 122, 249-256 (2011).
H. Ismail, A. F. Ramly, N. Othman. The effect of carbon black/multiwall carbon nanotube hybrid fillers on the properties of natural rubber nanocomposites, Polymer-Plastic Technol. and Eng.(?), 50, 660-666 (2011).
K. Kueseng, K. I. Jacob. Natural rubber nanocomposites with SiC nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, Euro. Polym. Journal, 42, 220-227 (2006).
Debdipta Basu, Amit Das, Klaus Wener Stökelhuber, Udo Wagenknecht, Gert Heinrich. Advances in layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based elastomer composites, Prog. in Polym. Sci., 39, 594-626 (2014).
John T. Byers. Fillers for balancing passenger tyre tread properties, Rubber Chem. and Technol., 75, 527-547 (2002).
B. T. Poh, C. C. Ng. Effect of silane coupling agents on the Mooney scorch time of silica-filled natural rubber compounds, Euro. Polym. J., 34(7), 975-979 (1998).
Yuko Ikeda, Atsushi Kato, Junichi Shimanuki, Shinzo Kohjiya. Nano structural observation of in-situ nanosilica in NR matrix by Three Dimensional Transmission Electron Microscopy, Macromol. Rapid Communication, 25, 1186-1190 (2004).
Shinzo Kohjiya. Reinforcement of general purpose grade rubbers by silica generated in-situ, Rubber Chem. and Technol., 73, 534-550 (2000).
Zheng Peng, Ling Xue Kong, Si-Dong Li, Yin Chen, Mao Fang Huang. Self-assembled natural rubber/silica nanocomposites: Its preparation and characterization, Composites Sci. and Technol., 67, 3130-3139 (2007).
Ying Cheng, Zheng Peng, Ling Xue Kong, Mao Fang Huang, Pu Wang Li. Natural rubber nanocomposites reinforced with nanosilica, Polym. Eng. and Sci., (2008) DOI: 10.1002/pen.20977.
Dang Viet Hung, Bui Chuong, Phan Thi Minh Ngoc, Hoang Nam. Preparation, Structure and Properties of silane modified silica/natural rubber nanocomposite, Part 1. Forming mechanism of nanocomposite, Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 47(3), 363-367 (2009).
Dang Viet Hung, Bui Chuong, Phan Thi Minh Ngoc, Pham Thi Lanh, Tran Viet Cuong, Hoang Nam, Preparation. Structure and Properties of silane modified silica/natural rubber nanocomposite, Part 2. Effect of surfactant on morphology and vulcanization properties of nanocomposite, Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 47(4), 466-470 (2009).
Yoshimasa Urushihara, Lei Li, Jun Ji Matsui, Takashi Nishino. In situ observation of filler displacement during tensile deformation of nanosilica-filled natural rubber using field-emission scanning electron microscope, Composites: Part A, 40, 232-234 (2009).
Shinzo Kohjiya, Atsushi Kato, Yuko Ikeda. Visualization of nanostructure of soft matter by 3D-TEM: Nanoparticles in natural rubber matrix, Prog. in Polym. Sci., 33, 979-997 (2008).
Dang Viet Hung, Bui Chuong. Preparation, Structure and Properties of silane modified silica/natural rubber nanocomposite, Part 3. Vulcaniztion of silane modified silica/natural rubber nanocomposite, Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 50(6A), 38-43 (2012).
Dang Viet Hung, Bui Chuong. Preparation, Structure and Properties of silane modified silica/natural rubber nanocomposite, Part 4. Mechanical properties of silane modified silica/natural rubber nanocomposite, Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 50(6A) 44-50 (2012).
A. Ansarifar, N. Ibrahim, M. Benett. Reinforcement of natural rubber with silanized precipitated silica nanofiller, Rubber Chem. and Technol., 78, 793-805 (2005).
C. Nah, D. H. Kim, Jeonju W. D. Kim, Taejon W. B. Im, Kwacheon, S. Kaang, Kwangju. Friction properties of in-situ silica-filled natural rubber nanocomposites using sol-gel process, Kautchuk Gummi Kunstoffe, 57(5), 224-226 (2004).
A. Taguet, P. Cassagnau, J-M. Lopez-Cuesta. Structuration, selective dispersion and compatibilizing effect of (nano)fillers in polymer blends, Prog. in Polym. Sci., 39, 1526-1563 (2014).
M. Galimberti, S. Agnelli, V. Cipolletti. Chapter 11 – Hybrid filler systems in rubber nanocomposites, pp.349-414, In the book Progress in Rubber nanocomposites, Ed. by Sabu Thomas and Hana J. Maria, (2017), Elsevier Ltd.
Lawrence J. Murphy, Meng-Jiao Wang, Khaled Mahmud. Carbon-silica dual phase filler: Part 5 - nanomorphology, Rubber Chem. and Technol., 73(1), 25-38 (2000).
N. Rattanasom, T. Saowapark, C. Deeprasertkul. Reinforcement of natural rubber with silica-carbon black hybrid filler, Polymer Testing, 26(3), 369-377 (2007).
Christopher M. Liauw, Norman S. Allen, Michele Edge, Laurence Lucchese. The role of silica and carbon-silica dual phase filler in novel approach to the high temperature stabilization of natural rubber based composites, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 74(1), 159-166 (2001).
Polymer-clay nanocomposites, Ed. by T. J. Pinavai and G.W. Beall, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester-New York… -Toronto (2000).
Tassawuth Pojanavaraphan, Rathanawan Magaraphan. Prevulcanized natural rubber latex/clay arogel nanocomposites, Euro. Polym. J., 44, 1968-1977 (2008).
Camila A. Rezende, Fabio C. Braganda, Telma R. Doi, Lay-Theng Lee et al. Natural rubber-clay nanocomposites: Mechanical and Structural properties, Polymer, 51, 3644-3652 (2010).
Bui Chuong, Dang Viet Hung, Trinh Thi Thu Huong, Doan Thi Yen Oanh, Ta Thi Phuong Hoa. Study on dispersion of nanoclay in natural rubber (NR) latex and its effect on NR vulcanization, Kautschuk Gummy Kunstoffe, N7-8, 30-33 (2012).
Felipe Avalos, José Carlos Ortiz, Roberto Zitzumbo, Miguel Angel López-Manchado et al. Effect of montmorillonite intercalant structure on the cure parameters of natural rubber, European Polymer Journal, 44, 3108-3115 (2008).
U. Sookyung, C. Nakason, N. Venneman, W. Thaijaroend. Influence concentration of modifying agent on properties of natural rubber/organoclay nanocomposites, Polymer Testing, 54, 223-232 (2016).
R. N. Hakim, H. Ismail. Cure characteristics, tensile properties and morphology of natural rubber/organoclay nanocomposites: Effect of maleated natural rubber, Polymer-Plastic Technol. and Eng., 48, 910-918 (2009).
P. L. Teh, Z. A. Ishak, A. S. Hashim, J. Karger-Kocsis, U.S. Ishiaku. Effect of epoxidized natural rubber-organoclay nanocomposites, Euro. Polym. J., 40, 2513-2521 (2004).
Shera Mathew, Siby Varghese, K.E. George, Tresa Cherian, Rheological behavior of layered silicate-natural rubber latex nanocomposites, Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology, V. 27, N3 (2011) 177-192.
Yiqing Wang, Huifeng Zhang, Youping Wu, Jun Yang, Liqun Zhang. Structure and properties of strain-induced crystallization rubber-clay nanocomposites by co-coagulating the rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 96, 318-323 (2005).
Mithun Bhattacharya, Anil K. Bhowmik. Synergy in carbon black filled natural rubber nanocomposites. P.I. Mechanical, dynamic mechanical properties and morphology, J. Mater. Sci., 45, 6126-6138 (2010).
Mithun Bhattacharya, Anil K. Bhowmik. Synergy in carbon black filled natural rubber nanocomposites. P.II. Abrasion and viscoelasticity in tire like applications, J. Mater. Sci., 45, 6139-6150 (2010).
Aleksandra Ivanoska-Dasikj, Gordana Bogoeva-Gaceva, Sandip Rooj, SvenWieβner, Gert Heinrich. Fine tuning of dynamic mechanical properties of natural rubber/carbon nanotube nanocomposites by organically modified montmorillonite: A first step in obtaining high-performance damping materials suitable for seismic application, Appl. Clay Sci., 118 99-106 (2015).
Ranimol Stephen, Siby Varghese, Kuruvilla Joseph, Zacharial Oommen, Sabu Thomas. Diffusion and transport through nanocomposites of natural rubber, carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber and their blends, J. Membrane Sci., 282, 162-170 (2006).
Wonho Kim, Sang Kwon Kim, Jong-Hyub Kang, Youngsun Chon. Structure and properties of the organoclay filled NR/BR nanocomposites, Macromol. Research, 14(2), 187-193 (2006).
S. Varghese, K. G. Gatos, A.A. Apostolov, J. Karger-Kocsis. Morphology and mechanical properties of layered silicate reinforced natural and polyurethane rubber blends produced by latex compounding, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 92, 543-551(2004).
Le Nhu Da, Dang Viet Hung, Uong Dinh Long, Nguyen Pham Duy Linh, Bui Chuong. Study on the role of nanoclay as compatibilizer in NR/EPDM blends, Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 54(1), 77-81 (2016).
