PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH-DISPERSED Pt / C NANO-ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS

Synthesis conditions are keys to control size and dispersion of Platinum (Pt) nanoparticle (NP) structures that are the most important factors in improving the electrochemical activity and durability of electrodes in low temperature fuel ce ls. In this study, five catalyst samples Pt nanoparticles on carbon support (Pt NPs/C) have bee n synthesized by the simple and facile method at 30 C or 60 C in pH = 6.5 or pH = 11 solution with or without u sing ethylene glycol (EG). The morphology, size, dispersion and activity of Pt NPs/C were characterized by using Xray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron micros c py (TEM) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this synt hesis process. We found that the size, morphology and dispersion of Pt NPs/C were strongly affected by adjusting the temperature, pH and the presence of ethylene glycol. Finally, throu gh determining electrochemically active surface area of a typical catalytic sample, we were abl to conclude that the procedure have been established to reach goals simple, inexpensive but still can improve the catalytic activity for methanol oxidation reaction in direct methanol fuel cel (DMFC).


INTRODUCTION
Platinum is one of the most active metal catalysts at room temperature for electrochemical reactions of fuel cells.Its activity is strongly dependent on the shape, size and particles' size distribution which can be controlled through synthesis conditions as the temperature, pH and enhancer.In practical cases, highly dispersed Pt catalysts with large surface areas are extremely important to increase the electrocatalytic activity [1,2].To achieve a catalytic surface area large and high activity, it requires understanding the relationship between the catalytic activity and their structure/composition, which are the basis for rational design of highly efficient electrocatalysts for fuel cells and other electrochemical processes.The conventional preparation techniques based on wet impregnation and the chemical reduction of metal precursors do not provide satisfactory control of particle shape and size as well as the distribution of Pt particles on carbon support [3].Synthesis of highly dispersed supporting platinum with uniform nanoparticle size still remains a challenge, especially for high metal loading.The conventional methods for the synthesis of Ptelectrocatalyst are mainly impregnation and colloid methods such as sulfite complex route and the colloidal route, the impregnation method usually produces NPs with large average particle sizes and broad size distributions while the colloidal route produces well-homogenized ultrafine Ptelectrocatalysts, however, the complexity of the latter hinders its utilization [4].Many investigators have contributed many efforts to search alternative routes.
So far, there have been attempting to develop alternative synthesis methods based on microemulsions [5], sonochemistry [6] and microwave irradiation [7,8], all of which are in principle more conducive to produce colloids and clusters on the nanoscale, and with greater uniformity.
In this study, a simple procedure for preparing Pt metal nanoparticles supported on carbon is reported.The uniform platinum nanoparticles supported on carbon with Pt loading up to 40 wt% that is a standard amount in order to obtain higher dispersion and smaller crystallites [9].This study set the stage for further inspections with the desire to create the best possible Pt/C catalyst.Through this work, we found that the optimize preparation is simple, fast but it is able to control the particle size and distribution of Pt particles on the carbon support and could enhance the activity of catalyst for fuel cell applications.

Preparation of Pt/C catalysts
Pt/C catalysts particles were synthesized by the following route: Pt particles were dispersed on the carbon supports by the following process: 50 mg treated carbon was dispersed into the solvent (DI water with and without using EG), 3.39 mL H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O with concentration 0.05 M into the mixed precursor.The pH of this mixture was adjusted to 6.5 and 11 by drop wise addition of NaOH 0.1N solution.The mixture was stirred for 5 min and ultrasonicated for 15 minutes at room temperature.Then an excess amount of reduction agent 6.84 mL NaBH 4 0.05 M was added and the mixture was stirred by using a magnetic bar under atmospheric pressure at room temperature or 60 ºC for 2 hours (Fig. 2).
Finally, the synthesized catalyst particles Pt/C were washed by DI water, centrifuged and dried for 12 hours at 100 ºC [11].All samples are shown in the Table 1.

XRD, TEM and CV Analysis
The samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Cyclic voltammetry (CV) in order to assess catalytic activity of Pt particles through the effects of ethylene glycol, pH and temperature on the morphology, size and dispersion of platinum nanoparticles catalyst on carbon support for fuel cells.
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded by using a Cu Kα radiation source on a D8 Advance Bruker powder diffractometer (University of Technology-VNU HCM City).Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was taken by JEM-1400 (JEOL, Japan), (University of Technology-VNU HCM City).Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) was recorded by AutoLab machine system at Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Science, VNU-HCM, Vietnam.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The samples of 40 wt% Pt/C catalysts were prepared with various conditions (Table 1).The effect of parameters such as EG, temperature as well as pH on the size, distribution of Pt NPs on carbon were studied.The samples were synthesized with and without using EG, carried out at room temperature (30 o C) and 60 o C. The influence of pH value was also studied at 6.5 and 11.

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
The 40 wt% Pt/C samples are synthesized with the presence of EG and without EG at the room temperature and 60 !C in pH = 6.5 and 11 solutions.X-ray diffraction of these samples were shown in the Fig. 3.They indicated that all the broad diffraction peaks of the XRD patterns at 2θ = 39.6, 47.4, 67.1°, corresponding to the reflections (111), ( 200), (220), respectively, which are consistent with the face centered cubic (fcc) structure of platinum (Pt), can be assigned to (JCPDS Card 04-0802), thus demonstrating the presence of crystalline Pt [12].In addition, a broad peak at 2θ ≈ 25° was observed but not clearly due to the (002) plane of the hexagonal structure of the carbon support (Vulcan XC-72R) is amorphous carbon with small regions of graphitic properties [13].Table 2, the Pt/C sample with the presence of EG showed wider peak than the remaining samples in the preparation process, suggesting the Pt particles size of sample using EG, pH = 11 at room temperature (30 °C) is smallest(3.84nm), (estimated from the Scherrer formula at Pt (111) peak).The largest active surface area of Pt is observed for sample Pt/C-EG-30_11 compared to other samples due to the small particle size of Pt as well as the higly dispersed Pt on the carbon support (73 m 2 /g Pt ) [14].
Scherrer equation: where, L = average crystal size (angstrom or nm); B = the full width half maximum of the peak; K = the Scherrer constant; depends on the how the width is determined, the shape of the crystal, and the size distribution; λ = the wavelength of the radiation used to collect the data.
We used the Pt (111) plane to determine the average crystallite size.The FWHM is calculated from the (111) peak by using Originlab software.The value of K is 0.9 due to structure's Ptis face-centered cubic and the wavelength used to be λ Cu = 1.54 A!.
Surface areas of crystalline Pt were also calculated from the crystalline size using the following equation: where, d is the average crystallite size (nm), S is the average surface area (m 2 g -1 ) and ρ is the density of Pt (21.4 g cm -3 ).The sizes and surface areas are summarized in Table 2.

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
TEM picture and histogram of particle size distribution (Fig. 4) were consistent with calculating the crystallite size of Pt nanoparticles catalyst from the samples's XRD result.The TEM size d TEM was determined using the following equation: where, n is the total number of measured particles, n i is the number of particles with a size d i .
The size and surface area (S TEM ) were estimated from TEM are shown in Table 3.
The Pt/C-EG-30_11 catalyst prepared using NaBH 4 as the reducing agent in EG solution at pH = 11 has demonstrated that its particles size is smallest, the largest size belongs to Pt/C-60_11 catalyst and particles size decreased in the following sequence: Pt/C-60_11 > Pt/C-EG-30_6.5 > Pt/C-30_11 >Pt/C-EG-60_11 > Pt/C-EG-30_11, (Table 3).The presence of ethylene glycol (EG) supported Pt nanoparticles not only have narrow size, but they also distribute uniformly on carbon support (Fig. 4. (c), (e), (g)).This has been reported that the reaction with the attendance of EG and NaBH 4 in a solution will form a complex reducing solution, and EG has performed roles as both a reducing agent for Pt reduction and a stabilizing for the reduced Pt nanoparticles [15].However, when the temperature increases from room temperature to 60 ºC, there is a significant difference in the crystallinity and the particles size of Pt on carbon.The Pt-EG-60_11 shows high crystallinity and large particle size compared to Pt-EG-30_11 (4.96 nm compare to 4.23 nm) with the presence of EG or Pt-60_11 (6.58 nm) compare to Pt-30_11 (5.96 nm) without EG.This observation is then confirmed by calculating the average particle size from histogram of particle size distribution (Fig. 4), and the average size of Pt particles was shown in Table 3.The influence of temperature could be explained as follows: at a lower temperature, the formation of crystal nuclei proceeds more rapidly than the growth of it [16].Therefore smaller Pt particles were obtained at 30 ºC compared to this obtained at 60 ºC.
Besides, the Pt/C-EG-30_6.5 catalyst has been synthesized in pH = 6.5 solution, compare to Pt/C-EG-30_11 catalyst (the same synthesis conditions, unlike pH), the size of Pt particles in Pt/C-EG-30_6.5 catalyst is larger than the size of Pt particles in Pt/C-EG-30_11 catalyst.Bonnemann et al. reported that Pt nanoparticles are stabilized via electrosteric repulsion between the anionic surface of the Pt nanoparticle and the stabilizer [17].In the acidic solution, a large number of H + ions interact with negatively charged Pt particles resulting in the destruction of electrosteric repulsion and leading to the growth of Pt nanoparticles.In the basic solution, almost no species would directly interact with negatively charged Pt nanoparticles, which implied that the electrosteric stabilization is unbroken [17,18].A similar feature has also been observed in the synthesis of Pt-based metal nanoparticles using EG as a reducing agent [19,20].In our case, the size of Pt nanoparticles of Pt/C-EG-30_6.5 sample is about 7.72 nm (Table 2) (estimated from the Scherrer formula at Pt (111) peak) or 6.08 nm (Table 3) (from histogram of particle size distribution (Fig. 4).The differences in Pt particles between Pt/C-EG-30_6.5 and Pt/C-EG-30_11 can also be explained by the effect of electrosteric repulsion.Under high pH conditions, only minor interaction occurred between H + ions and stabilizer anions, yet the stabilizer strongly interacted with the reduced Pt nanoparticles.Therefore, the growth of Pt particles was significantly restrainted, leading to the formation of Pt nanoparticles with smaller size in the Pt/C-EG-30_11 than in the Pt/C-EG-30_6.5 catalyst.From TEM pictures, estimating the average surface area of Pt nanoparticles on carbon support can also be carried out (Table 3), these result is corresponding to the XRD data that has been shown previously.The distribution and difference in the size of the catalyst particles strongly influenced the activity of the Pt/C catalysts.With the smallest size (4.23 nm), electrochemical active surface area of Pt in the Pt/C-EG-30_11 catalyst sample is largest (66.3 m 2 /g Pt ).The catalyst ink consist of 2.5 mg of Pt/C 40 wt%, 1.0 ml ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH) and 10 µl nafion 5 % solution were ultrasonicated in 30 minutes, a homogeneous solution ink was obtained.A small volume (15 µl/3 pipetting times) of this solution was pipetted onto a 6 mm diameter electrode containing a 3.2 mm diameter glassy carbon (GC) electrode and allowed to dry at room temperature for 30 min (10 min/pipetting once).The platinum loading on GC surface is 0.01 mg (about 0.125 mg.cm -2 ).A three-electrodes cell was used in which the counter electrode was platinum, the reference electrode was Ag/AgCl and working electrode was GC.In the CV measurements, the potential values were converted automatically to normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) [21].The CV curves were conducted in a N 2 -saturated 0.5 mol/L H 2 SO 4 solution, the potential range from -0.2 to 1.0 V with scan rate 50 mV/s at room temperature and measured by the Autolab PGSTAT302N potentiostat/galvanostat, Metrohm Autolab brand.Figure 5 is CV curves of Pt/C catalysts in H 2 SO 4 0.5M solution.From the CV curves, it was easy to calculate the charge of the electrochemical processes which occur on the catalyst particles by integrating.As a result, the electrochemical surface area (ESA) showing the activity of the catalysts was estimated by the following formula [22,23]:

Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) results
where, S ESA-H is electrochemically active surface area (m 2 /g Pt ), Q H is the charge for hydrogen desorption (C or A.s), is integral of part hydrogen desorption (A.V), 2,1 is Q monolayer (C.cm -2 ) (the charge related to the adsorption or desorption of a hydrogen monolayer on a polycrystalline Pt surface), v is scan rate (mV.s -1 ) and [Pt] represents the platinum loading in the electrode (g).The resultant ESA values are listed in Table 4. On the CV curves (Fig. 5), there are the electrochemical peaks corresponding to the different electrochemical reactions on the samples' surface.In the potential range about-0.15-0.15 V, the peaks express the adsorption/desorption processes of hydrogen on Pt crystal.The mechanism of these processes may take place by two stages.In the forward scan, the potential range from 0.15 to 0.58 V corresponds to the charge of the double layer by the oxygenated groups on the carbon support surface.At the potential 0.65 V, the oxidation process of Pt metal happens to form Pt oxides.Corresponding with this process, there is a reduction peak at 0.51 V of reduction process of Pt-O in the reverse scan [24,25].Among the peaks of the catalyst samples, those without EG or pH = 6.5 (acidic solution) are smaller than samples with EG and pH = 11 (basic solution).This means that the activity of these samples is relatively low.The activity of the catalyst synthesized with EG, pH = 11 at the room temperature (Pt/C-EG-30_11)is the highest.The calculated ESA values of the catalyst samples are shown in table 4. The difference in ESA value may be due to the difference in the size of Pt particles.With the biggest size of particles, the ESA value of thePt/C-60_11 sample is the smallest (15.4 m 2 /g Pt ) corresponding to desorption peak lowest.Possessing the smallest size, the ESA value of the Pt/C-EG-30_11 sample is highest (95.2 m 2 /g Pt ).These results provide an extremely significant information about the relationship between the size and activity of the Pt nanoparticles catalyst on carbon support: The catalysts with smaller particle size will give a higher activity due to larger surface area.This trend also corresponds with the results of TEM and XRD analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
Through the influence of the synthesis conditions as temperature, pH and ethylene glycol on size and dispersion of platinum nanoparticles catalyst on carbon support were studied in this work, we found that the electrochemical surface area (ESA) was strongly influenced by the size and the size distribution of the Pt nanoparticles catalyst.As desired, the particle size and the distribution of Pt on carbon support can be controlled through adjusting synthesis conditions such as the temperature, EG enhancer and pH parameter.The results of this study showed the presence of EG with the function as a weak reducing agent and the stabilizer could enhance the distribution and make smaller Pt size compared to the sample without using EG.In addition, the effect of temperature on the Pt/C preparation was studied at room temperature and 60 ºC, we also found that when the temperature increases from room temperature to 60 ºC, there is a significant difference about the crystallinity and the particles size of Pt on carbon.Finally, the effect of pH parameter on Pt/C electrocatalyst indicated that the basic solution is better than acidic solution for synthesizing this catalyst.The results of this work showed the way to control size and distribution of Pt catalyst on carbon support that can be used to enhance the activity of Pt/C catalyst with high loading for fuel cell applications.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The preparation of 40 wt% Pt/C with different conditions (pH, temperature, using with and without EG).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. TEM pictures and histograms of particle size distribution for patterns of 40 wt% Pt/C catalysts.

Table 1 .
The samples of 40 wt% Pt/C catalysts were prepared with various conditions.

Table 2 .
The average crystalline size and surface area were estimated from (*) and (**).

Table 4 .
The average particle size and surface areas calculated from the Pt crystalline size (S XRD ), Pt particles size (S TEM ) and electrochemically active surface area (S ESA-H ):